The Hur movement was the first well-planned movement in the history of British India. This paper argues that the movement was primarily non-political in nature. The aim of the movement was to organize jihadi activities guided by theological philosophy. The house of Pagara had no political agenda and aspirations. However, the efforts were made to establish supremacy of religion and to oppose despotic rule. This study analysis the contribution of Pir Pagara who gave sacrifices for the homeland. The study further analysis the difference phases of Hur movement.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the educational policies introduced in British India in relation to post-partition policies formulated in Pakistan. Major education policy documents of Pakistan were identified to summarize and tabulate for indicating similarities & variations. These education policy documents are focussed on promoting diversity in education. However, these documents were found significantly varying on the mode of education and implementation to flout proportionately balanced diversified education.

This paper focuses on finding out about what extent the Central Bank sterilizes the effect of changes in net foreign assets on domestic monetary base and if such sterilization results equal and opposite changes in net foreign assets using monthly data from 1982M1 to 2013M2. We find that the Central Bank partially sterilizes its foreign exchange operation. However, the Central Bank’s foreign exchange interventions results equal and opposite changes in net foreign assets which is consistent with perfect substitutability between domestic and foreign assets. This implies that monetary authorities in Pakistan are not independent in formulating an independent monetary policy. The Central Bank’s efforts to maintain domestic monetary base unchanged by changing net domestic assets result equal and opposite changes in its net foreign assets.

This paper is divided into two sections. First section deals with the importance of opium economy with reflection of conflicts between indigenous traders and British authorities over Malwa opium. In this section, British monopoly over opium crops will also be highlighted. The second section focuses on British purposes to annex Sindh. In this section, the importance of Sindh with regard to opium trade will be dealt.

This paper analyses the strategies for eradication of poverty in the rural areas of Sindh. It correlates the extent of microfinance in the process of poverty alleviation. Financial services at micro level are provided by Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) to rural people in the shape of microcredit, micro savings and micro insurances through group lending approach. This study conducted in the selected villages of Mirpurkhas district. Participants were selected randomly from Community Groups (CGs) made for availing microfinance services from MFIs working in the area for business purposes. The study aims at exploring prevalence of rural poverty and inequalities. The study further explores the corelationship between availability of micro financing and poverty alleviation. The results of study show that the presence of higher level of poverty and inequality among rural population of Mirpurkhas district and also confirm the significant contribution of microfinance, towards poverty reduction in study area.

This paper explores the role of Benazir Bhutto as a young political leader in social and political transformation of the country with a special focus on some aspects of her leadership. The paper gives an overview of her personality and work which can be described into three words—opportunity, community and responsibility. She created opportunities for unemployed youth and strengthened poor communities and worked for protecting economic, political and social rights of these communities. She struggled for bringing a lasting change in the lives of people and to inspire them for positive change through democratic process. She led the nation in difficult times and worked to achieve the national interests of the country. She was lifelong believer in the democratic principles. She gave her life for the restoration of democracy (Dawn, January 17, 2016).

The purpose of this paper is to identify specific factors of capital structure in the motor vehicle industry. Capital structure is the combination of debt and equity. Thus, the firms have to decide as what portion of equity and debt should be included in capital structure. This paper also argues that profitability, asset tangibility, financial and business risks have significant and negative impact on capital structure decisions. Nevertheless, liquidity and tax shield have positive impact and capital structure decisions.

During the reign of Mughal emperor Farukhsayar, socio-economic conditions of Sindh markedly deteriorated. Given the feudalistic social character, almost 90% of cultivated land of Sindh was in the control of landlords, whom these large landholdings had been granted through Arghun, Turkhan and Mughal subadars (governors of Sindh. Consequently, landlords and pseudo-religious scholars continued to exploit the masses especially farmers. Majority of the natives in Sindh were dependent on their landlords for their survival under the harsh terms. In these turbulent times, Shah Inayat began to work for the rights of peasantry. He divided his land among peasants, mobilized them and finally organized them against rulers, landlords and pseudoreligious scholars. Under the religious decree (fatwa), he exhorted his small army of farmers not to pay agriculture tax to the rulers and share to the landlords, thus ignited conflict in the rigidly stratified society of Sindh. The aim of this research paper is to analyse the role of Shah Inayat in organizing masses and his influence on people of Sindh who opted fighting for their rights under his leadership braving excesses of Nawab Azam Khan the then Governor of Sindh.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of climate changes on the security of Pakistan. It also explores policies on climate change with regard to climate challenges faced by the country. It is argued that there is a number of climate related challenges including economic security, water security, food security and energy security. This research study also analyses the government policy regarding climate change. It is found in this study that due to the transfer of environment subject from the federal list to the provincial list. Provincial governments are required to take capacity-building means for handling climate change.

This research is based at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro, at the departments of International Relations and Physics. It aimed at finding motivational change in learning English as a second language at the two departments. The data is collected from the students of Part-I and II during their undergraduate degrees in their respective departments. The research could not provide any obvious answer on motivational change of the learners of different majors, as the findings in most of the cases remained similar when seen from the perspective of the different departments. However, when the students were divided on the basis of their batches, it is found that mostly motivation changes during the two years of study of the language at the university, and the change is positive in most of the cases as well. Intensity and desire as well as attitude of the Part-II students towards learning English was found to be greater than that of Part-I students. It is, therefore, concluded that motivation increases with the passage of time and with the active influence of academic factors.

This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) between the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intentions with discretionary Human Resources (HR) practices and non-discretionary HR practices. Furthermore, to investigates the relationship between the antecedents of HR practices and its ultimate consequences. The data was gathered from 246 banking professionals who were randomly selected for this study. Questionnaires were administered and data was analysed for this study.

This paper argues that Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was a constitutionalist and great political leader who is known as founder of Pakistan and an ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity. This study analyses Jinnah’s role in uniting two parties: All India National Congress and All India Muslim League is often times taken as his contribution in bringing two communities together. Unity between two political parties based on mutual interests and shared objectives determine the class politics of that time. Given the fact that political participation was limited only to privileged classes of society, it is worth probing that Jinnah played a major role in bringing two communities politically, socially on a large scale. It seems that same classes of two communities were brought together as the result of Jinnah efforts.

The aim of this research is to investigate the causal relationship between desire and misery. In society based on materialistic values, people cannot live without desires. Thus, it is argued in the paper that too many desires cause misery and feeling of deprivation. It also creates dissatisfaction with the ways of living. The random sampling technique has been used for selecting respondents from Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur. The data has been verified through the SPSS software. The results showed that received value of the chi-square is greater than the tabulated value with p-value of 0.000 which indicates that the people who are more inclined towards excessive desires, they mostly suffer from misery and unhappiness. People with less desire are comparatively satisfied with what they have.

This paper argues that the growth of Neolithic farming settlements in different parts of Balochistan and Sindh, ultimately led to urbanization. The discoveries of Amri, Kot Diji and Tharro as fortified Pre-Harappan urban settlements provided evidences of development and progress of Indus civilization, which started from Mehargarh and ended up at Moen-jo-Daro. Keeping this view discoveries of Pre-Harappan and Harappan settlements in Karachi and its adjacent coastal districts of Thatta and Lasbela in Sindh and Balochistan have remained important field of interest for researchers to explore these settlements and excavate artefacts. The chipped stone assemblages and potteries excavated from the Pre-Harappan and Harappan settlements provide valuable information about their development in the coastal region of Sindh and Balochistan.

Since past decades women participated is policy formulation and decision making positions in government and non-government sectors in Pakistan. However, women’s access to work in key management positions in both public and private sectors has been infrequent and inequitable. The same trend is observed in various public and private sector of Sindh province of Pakistan. Universities can play important role to create opportunities for education and equitable employment. Whereas, higher education sector is itself facing unequal women representation at top and middle management levels in Pakistan. Therefore, the objective of this research study is to find out male-female participation in public higher education sector in the shape of their involvement at top and middle management levels. This research also addressed and assessed all major issues concerned to underutilization of educated women in Universities/Degree Awarding Institutions (DAIs) in Sindh, Pakistan. The study also analyzes women’s research capacities and reviews their self-motivational force on managing universities.

Universities have been providing housing to majority of enrolled foreign students on the campuses. However, due to financial constraints, it has not been possible to accommodate all the students within campuses. The trend among the students to hire apartments outside the campuses has been seen to be prevalent globally. The university administrations encourage students to go for private accommodation in order to cope with serious shortage of spaces in hostels. In such situation, the townships around campuses cater for the housing needs of the students and in turn are viable investment opportunities which also provide an alternative housing facility, most specifically for the foreign students. In this paper, we investigated through questionnaire survey, the housing requirements of foreign students enrolled in three universities of Jamshoro. Findings of this study suggest that there are few furnished houses available in the townships on the campus vicinities. Their requirement for furnished houses has pointed toward a newly emerging niche market for potential investors. Simultaneously, the universities may also invest on building furnished apartments as evident in most foreign universities.

The present study focuses on finding out the impact of socio-economic background on the motivation to learn English as a second language. To execute this study, two schools of Hyderabad city of Sindh province were selected for study. Rockford Cambridge School (RCS), an English-medium school where most of the students have a very stable and high socio-economic background; and Dr. N. A. Baloch Model School (MS), Sindh University, Hyderabad, a school where most of the students belong to lower and middle class background. Quantitative method of data collection used through a close-ended questionnaire using Likert scale (range 5) comprising 11 items. Four factors of motivation were included to test the motivation level of both groups. Those factors were: (i) instrumental motivation, (ii) international exposure, (iii) intrinsic motivation, and (iv) self-regulated motivation. A total of thirty participants were selected through purposive sampling in order to ensure the representation of participants from both categories i.e. elite and non-elite. Each group consisted of fifteen participants. The data was analysed statistically. The results showed that upper class students were highly motivated and the case with lower and middle class students was the other way round. Major differences were observed in three factors: international exposure, intrinsic motivation and self-regulated motivation. It implied that the higher the socio-economic status of the learners, the more motivated they grow to learn English as a second language.

Sindh is facing complex administrative crisis due to multiple factors including political instability, miss-management, corruption, favouritism, nepotism and strong feudalism. There is no consensus among the political parties on the way in which province is being governed. The aim of this paper is to explain the political crisis and to explore governance issues as an outcome of polarisation between the major political parties. Major source of political conflict between the ruling party and other coalition party is lack of agreement on the local government system. The first part of the paper deals with the changes introduced in the local government system in 2001. The second and third parts of this study deal with stacks of rural elites and urban elites respectively.

This article is the study of public libraries in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the light of current resources and policies in the Province. This study identifies the historical development and financial factors which have made the library services available to the public. Public libraries from all over the province including the 14 branch libraries at district level working under Directorate of Archives and Libraries have been covered. The data has been obtained through questionnaires, field trips, government documents and Directories of Archives and Libraries (DAL).